What Was The First Mobile Phone Service Companies

Mobile advice devices

A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional phone box, which stands empty. Enabling engineering for mobile phones was kickoff developed in the 1940s but it was non until the mid 1980s that they became widely bachelor. By 2011, it was estimated in Britain that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices.^[1]

The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.

While the manual of speech by signal has a long history, the first devices that were wireless, mobile, and as well capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more contempo. The starting time such devices were barely portable compared to today'due south compact hand-held devices, and their use was impuissant.

Drastic changes have taken identify in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use, with smartphones condign mutual globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband.

Foundations [edit]

Predecessors [edit]

In 1908, Professor Albert Jahn and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to take developed a wireless telephone. They were defendant of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not actually seem to have proceeded with production.^[2] In 1917 the Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt successfully filed a patent for a "modest folding telephone with a very sparse carbon microphone". Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on war machine trains between Berlin and Zossen.^[3] In 1924 public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925 the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to supply train-telephony equipment and, in 1926 telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German language postal service service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to offset-class travelers.^[4]

Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones.

Fiction anticipated the evolution of real-world mobile telephones. In 1906 the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch entitled "Forecasts for 1907"^[iv] in which he showed a man and a woman in London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless-telegraphy equipment.^[5] In 1923 Ilya Ehrenburg casually listed "pocket telephones" amid the achievements of contemporary technology in a story in his collection Thirteen Pipes (Russian: Тринадцать трубок).^[vi] In 1926 the creative person Karl Arnold drew a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the pic "wireless telephony", published in the High german satirical mag Simplicissimus.^[7]

The Second World War (1939-1945) saw the military utilise of radio-telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed big amounts of power, and the network supported just a few simultaneous conversations. (Modern cellular networks let automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice- and data-advice.)

In the United states, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a arrangement to allow mobile users to place and receive phone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on June 17, 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly afterward, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile-telephone services offered limited coverage areas and only a few available channels in urban areas. As calls were transmitted as unencrypted analog signals, anyone with radio equipment that could receive those frequencies could eavesdrop. The commercial introduction (in Nihon in 1979) of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively depression-powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.

In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, developed and presented a number of experimental pocket-sized communications radios in 1957-1961. The weight of 1 model, presented in 1961, was only 70 thousand and could fit in a palm.^[8] ^[ix] Nonetheless, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the motorcar "Altai" phone was made^{[ by whom? ]}.^[x]

In 1965 the Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented a mobile automated phone combined with a base of operations station at the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow. Solutions of this phone were based on a arrangement adult by Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.^[11]

Advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular networks (1979–), second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks (1991–), third-generation (3G) broadband information services (launched commercially in 2001) to the fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks (launched in 2006 in Due south Korea). 5G began deployment in 2019.

Underlying engineering [edit]

The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) big-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. In that location was a rapid growth of wireless telecommunications towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of digital signal processing in wireless communications, driven past the evolution of depression-cost, very large-calibration integration (VLSI) RF CMOS (radio-frequency complementary MOS) engineering science.^[12]

The evolution of cell telephone technology was enabled by advances in MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor) semiconductor device fabrication. The MOSFET (MOS transistor), invented past Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bong Labs in 1959, is the basic edifice block of mod jail cell phones.^[13] ^[xiv] MOSFET scaling, where MOS transistors go smaller with decreasing power consumption, enabled very big-scale integration (VLSI) applied science, with MOS transistor counts in integrated circuit fries increasing at an exponential pace, as predicted past Moore's law. Continuous MOSFET scaling eventually fabricated it possible to build portable cell phones.^[13] A typical modern smartphone is built from billions of tiny MOSFETs equally of 2019,^[14] used in integrated circuits such equally microprocessors and memory fries,^[fifteen] as power devices,^[sixteen] and as thin-motion-picture show transistors (TFTs)^[17] in mobile displays.

Advances in MOSFET power electronic engineering science as well enabled the development of digital wireless mobile networks, which are essential to modern cell phones. The wide adoption of power MOSFET, LDMOS (lateral diffused MOS) and RF CMOS (radio frequency CMOS) devices led to the evolution and proliferation of digital wireless mobile networks by the 1990s, with further advances in MOSFET technology leading to increasing bandwidth during the 2000s.^[eighteen] ^[nineteen] ^[20] Most of the essential elements of wireless mobile networks are built from MOSFETs, including the mobile transceivers, base station modules, routers, RF power amplifiers,^[19] telecommunication circuits,^[fifteen] RF circuits, and radio transceiverss,^[20] in networks such equally 2G, 3G,^[18] and 4G.^[19]

Another of import enabling gene was the lithium-ion battery, which became indispensable as an energy source for jail cell phones.^[16] The lithium-ion battery was invented by John Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino in the 1980s,^[21] and commercialized past Sony and Asahi Kasei in 1991.^[22]

Early services [edit]

MTS [edit]

In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Phone Service. From its kickoff in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors past 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to speak and release the push button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about lxxx pounds (36 kg)^[23]

Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because but iii radio channels were bachelor, only three customers in any given urban center could make mobile phone calls at one time.^[24] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing Us$xv per calendar month, plus $0.30–0.xl per local telephone call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call.^[23]

In the U.k., at that place was also a vehicle-based organization chosen "Postal service Office Radiophone Service,"^[25] which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959, and although information technology required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to exist put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.

IMTS [edit]

AT&T introduced the beginning major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious proper name of Improved Mobile Phone Service. IMTS used boosted radio channels, allowing more than simultaneous calls in a given geographic surface area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual telephone call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.^[23]

Despite the capacity improvement offered past IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just forty,000 customers organisation wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers shared simply 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.^[23]

Radio Mutual Carrier [edit]

A mobile radio telephone.

Radio Common Carrier ^[26] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s past independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.

Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of side by side carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of mod "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not exist likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, considering in that location was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were non standardized. For example, some systems used 2-tone sequential paging to warning a mobile of an incoming phone call. Other systems used DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alarm mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such equally Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional ii-style radios. Other vehicular equipment had phone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated total duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)

At the end of RCC's beingness, manufacture associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the mutual signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.

Other services [edit]

In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains forth the 360 kilometres (220 mi) New York-Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The organisation re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.^[24]

In the U.k., Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, beingness a hybrid of "prison cell" base of operations stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to exist less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device. With modern engineering a like variant is existence considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" and so they tin can exist used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.

European mobile radio networks [edit]

In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.

In 1966 Kingdom of norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Republic of finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automated NMT, (Nordic Mobile Phone) arrangement in the early 1980s.

In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept afterward obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone organisation. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 calendar month. A year later the service was extended to ii other United kingdom towns.^[27]

West Federal republic of germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the state'south get-go public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced past B-Netz which connected calls automatically.

Cellular concept [edit]

A multi-directional, cellular network antenna assortment ("cell tower").

In Dec 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.^[28] At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not be, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass earlier Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bong Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed organisation plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the at present-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see pic at right)^[29] Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.

In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay inside the coverage area serviced by 1 base station throughout the phone telephone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, too as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern prison cell phone technology, were described in the belatedly 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bong Labs engineer,^[30] invented a "three-sided trunk excursion" to assistance in the "call handoff" procedure from one jail cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, only every bit switching systems became faster, such a excursion became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.

A cellular telephone switching program was described past Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,^[31] and a cellular telephone data signaling arrangement was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.^[32]

Emergence of automated services [edit]

The first fully automated mobile phone organisation for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), information technology allowed calls to exist fabricated and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base of operations station to the car. Information technology was adult by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed forty kilograms (88 lb). In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile Organisation B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-push telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.^[33] ^[34] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.

In 1958 evolution began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.^[35] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay organization were the Voronezh Scientific discipline Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and past 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay arrangement are yet in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.

In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, U.s.a., the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business concern today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a individual tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local expanse of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial upwards service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as notwithstanding unknown reason, the system, later being placed online and operated for a very brief time flow, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to exist seen again.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,five combined with a base station RATZ-ten (RATC-x) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to ane telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.^[36]

Ane of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Republic of finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed every bit a zero generation (0G) cellular network, existence slightly higher up previous proprietary and express coverage networks.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Handheld mobile telephone [edit]

Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1972 handheld mobile phone prototype.

Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.^[30] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On Apr 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.^[37] ^[38] ^[39] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) and measured 23 by thirteen by 4.5 centimetres (9.i by 5.1 by i.8 in). The prototype offered a talk time of just thirty minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.^[40]

John F. Mitchell,^[41] ^[42] ^[43] Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key function in advancing the evolution of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless advice products that would exist small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.^[44] ^[45]

Early generations [edit]

Newer applied science has been developed and rolled out in a serial of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology merely became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retrospectively when referring to the earlier systems.

1G – Analog cellular [edit]

The first automated analog cellular systems ever deployed were NTT'south system offset used in 1979 for car phones in Tokyo (and subsequently the residuum of the country of Japan), and the NMT organization which was released in the Nordic countries in 1981.

The first analog cellular organization widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone Organization (AMPS).^[23] It was commercially introduced in the Americas on 13 October 1983, State of israel in 1986, and Commonwealth of australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering engineering science that helped drive mass marketplace usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. Information technology was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; information technology was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and information technology used a Frequency-partition multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required pregnant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.

On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100M to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.^[46] The phone had a talk time of just xxx minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and depression talk fourth dimension, and waiting lists were in the thousands.^[47] ^[48]

Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were somewhen superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was close down past most North American carriers past 2008.

In Feb 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Phone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the get-go Telecom Client to be connected on 6 Jan 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch engagement of 28 February.

2G – Digital cellular [edit]

Ii 1991 GSM mobile phones with several Air conditioning adapters.

In the 1990s, the '2nd generation' mobile phone systems emerged. 2 systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European adult GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-ring phone-to-network signaling. The rising in mobile telephone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the appearance of prepaid mobile phones.

In 1991 the start GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For case, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, then the 1G systems were quickly closed downwards to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.

In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the earth's first smartphone. It was a mobile telephone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into ane. It included a calendar, address book, clock, figurer, notepad, e-mail, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.^[49] The IBM Simon had a stylus, used to tap the touch screen. It featured predictive typing that would guess the adjacent characters as yous tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features past plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory carte du jour into the telephone.^[50] Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend abroad from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100–200 grams (3.5–7.ane oz) hand-held devices. This modify was possible non only through technological improvements such as more than advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but besides because of the higher density of cell sites to suit increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the motility.

The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available merely on GSM networks just spread eventually on all digital networks. The outset auto-generated SMS message was sent in the U.k. on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of option amid the young, a trend which spread across all ages.

2G also introduced the power to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the kickoff downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the band tone, launched by Republic of finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a gratis daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.

Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Kingdom of norway. The start commercial payment arrangement to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Earth and Smart.

The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Nippon in 1999.

3G – Mobile broadband [edit]

As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to scan the internet) was growing. Further, experience from stock-still broadband services showed in that location would also be an ever-increasing need for greater data speeds. The 2G engineering science was nowhere almost upward to the job, so the manufacture began to work on the next generation of technology known every bit 3G. The main technological deviation that distinguishes 3G engineering science from 2G technology is the employ of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.^[51] In improver, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum information charge per unit indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).

Inevitably this led to many competing standards with unlike contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:

Introduction of several new forwards link data rates that increment the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
Introduction of QoS flags

All these were put in identify to let for low latency, depression bit charge per unit communications such as VoIP.^[52]

The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched past NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the get-go commercial 3G network on one October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the commencement 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-Do engineering science were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in S Korea, and Monet in the The states. Monet has since gone bankrupt. Past the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the Britain past Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, half dozen more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-Exercise standard.

During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or total range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/south. Just beyond these is the Border system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is then narrowly in a higher place these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.

The loftier connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,^[53] with companies such every bit RealNetworks^[54] and Disney^[55] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.

In the mid-2000s, an evolution of 3G applied science began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Information technology is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Admission (HSPA) family, also coined iii.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to take higher data transfer speeds and chapters. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of i.viii, 3.6, 7.2 and xiv.0 Mbit/south.

Past the end of 2007, there were 295 one thousand thousand subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected nine% of the full worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and i third on the EV-Exercise standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South korea the market no longer supplies phones of the 2nd generation.

Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such every bit the Net, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile spider web. The start such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-chosen "meaty wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.

Such devices became especially popular for utilize with laptop computers due to the added portability they bequeath. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data office directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM bill of fare could be inserted straight into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became normally known every bit "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. Past the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Net, and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Cyberspace on its iPad tablet devices later on that twelvemonth.

4G – Native IP networks [edit]

Past 2009, it had get articulate that, at some bespeak, 3G networks would be overwhelmed past the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications similar streaming media.^[56] Consequently, the industry began looking to information-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements upwardly to x-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.Southward. past Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia past TeliaSonera.

One of the master ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of phonation calls merely like any other blazon of streaming sound media, using packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.^[57]

5G – Cellular Mobile Communications [edit]

"5G" is the next version of cellular mobile phone standards. The 5G standards include millimetre-band radio spectrum to allow data speeds up to 1 gigabit per second, and reduce latency (the processing time to handle a data transmission) between handset and network to a few milliseconds. 5G standards also include low-band and mid-band spectrum like to existing networks. Phone companies are introducing 5G technology starting in 2019.

Mobile device charger standards [edit]

USB power standards for mobile charger
Port	Electric current	Voltage	Power (max)
Micro-USB	500 mA	5 Five	two.5 Due west
	ane A	5 5	5 West
	2 A	5 V	10 Due west
USB-C^[58]	100 mA to 3 A	5 V	15 Due west
	1.7 A to 3 A	9 5	27 W
	i.8 A to iii A	15 V	45 W
	2.25 A to five A	20 5	100 Due west

Mobile phone charger plugs prior to the universal standard (left to right) Samsung E900, Motorola V3, Nokia 6101 and Sony Ericsson K750.

The USB-C interface is increasingly establish on (chargers for) smartphones.^[59]

Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adapter which was often proprietary past brand or manufacturer to charge their battery. Later, mobile phones from major brands typically used a USB cablevision with a micro-USB or, since the mid-2010s, USB-C interface. Apple's iPhone is the sole major brand to retain its own interface (30-pin dock connector replaced by Lightning in 2012).

In China [edit]

As of 14 June 2007^[update], all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to utilize a USB port every bit a power port for bombardment charging.^[60] ^[61] This was the first standard to employ the convention of shorting D+ and D−.^[62]

OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution [edit]

In September 2007, the Open Mobile Concluding Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the time to come common connector for mobile devices.^[63] ^[64]

The GSM Association (GSMA) followed adapt on 17 Feb 2009,^[65] ^[66] ^[67] ^[68] and on 22 Apr 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association,^[69] with the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that information technology had too embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "free energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile telephone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers volition as well include a iv-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."^[70]

European union smartphone power supply standard [edit]

In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make virtually information-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Spousal relationship compatible with a mutual External Power Supply (common EPS). The Eu'due south mutual EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Bombardment Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.^[71] ^[72] In Jan 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (Eu'south) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.^[73]

Satellite mobile [edit]

As well as the now-mutual cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones tin can exist used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.

The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to comprehend the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators employ the same arroyo with just 1 or 2 satellites to provide a regional service. An culling approach is to employ a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite telephone services.

References [edit]

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